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A Sociology Exhibit

Organizing Relationships

Outlines of sociology (by Ward, Lester Frank)
Whirligigs (by Henry, O.)
What a Young Woman Ought to Know (by Wood-Allen, Mary)
Almost a Man (by Wood-Allen, Mary)
Capital : A Critique of Political Econom... (by Marx, Karl)
Adolphe Quetelet as Statistician (by Hankins, Frank Hamilton)
The Sociology of Gender in a Kindergarte... (by Mendheim, Barbara Anne)
Sketches of the Fair Sex, in All Parts o... (by Charles William Wason)
Young Folks, History of England (by Yonge, Charlotte Mary)
Woman : Her Charm and Power (by Downes, Robert P.)
The School as a Social Institution; An I... (by Robbins, Charles Leonidas)
Professional ethics and civic morals (by Durkheim, Emile)
The Negro in Chicago : a study of race r... (by Chicago Commission on Race Relations)
How to Be Happy Though Married. Being a ... (by Hardy, Edward John)
The Elementary Forms of the Religious Li... (by Durkheim, Emile)

Organizing Relationships: A Sociology Exhibit

Many disciplines beyond Sociology, such as Mathematics and Psychology and Economics, are utilized in the Social Sciences. In our Collections under these and other topics, contain hundreds of titles by writers and theorists who have dedicated to their lives to the study of human society. Featured books in the following collections include Herbert Spencer, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Talcott Parsons and David Emile Durkheim.

Sociology of Past Power Structures

Throughout history, all sub-disciplines of Sociology, as well and religious and government groups have been studied and experimented with different methods of social organization of population. Sometimes, these attempts at social definitions and control have been tempered, but at other times, rigid – some men have use groups for their own gain. Ultimately, however, if social organization is to be implemented, it has to be understood.

From the beginning of time, both men and animals have used verbal and non-verbal cues and strategies to enforce hierarchy. With chimpanzees, it is the Alpha Male. With men: Domesday Books, mathematics and accounting, psychology and linguistics. The word “organization” is derived from the Greek word organon, which means "organ." Therefore, studies of how groups of people (with a common goal) structure themselves, is the study of mankind and its relationships as a collective.

The Domesday Book, created under the reign of William the Conqueror, has been studied to understand the role of documentation in asserting authority and also to facilitate taxation. According to Young Folks’ History of England, William the Conqueror was a Norman who conquered England. In 1086, he ordered the documentation of land, livestock and taxes under the administration of the previous rulers, to find out what would be transferred over to Norman rule. Whatever was recorded in the Domesday book could not be appealed. The data that William the Conqueror collected into the Domesday book revealed his tendency for control. In the book titled, William the Conqueror, it is said that “William would not set...over any part of his dominions before his time, and it was his policy to keep his children dependent on him. While he enriched his brothers, he did not give the smallest scrap of the spoils of England to his sons” (William the Conqueror, World Heritage Encyclopedia). Robert, his son, was angry about this and fought his father in a battle, but later asked for his pardon. Today, the Domesday Books is considered an artifact of sociological research. Domesday Studies, Being the Papers Read at the Meetings of the Domesday Commemoration 1886 examines how this document changed the course of history in the United Kingdom (Domesday Studies, Being the Papers Read at the Meetings of the Domesday Commemoration 1886, Edward P. Dove).

Debates in Defining Sociology

Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet was a 19th-Century Belgian mathematician, statistician and sociologist who introduced statistical methods into the social sciences. He assigned variables to the complexity of social phenomena, in order to measure the statistical laws underlying crime, marriage or suicide rates. Other scientists thought his ideas were controversial because it contradicted freedom of choice (“Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet,” World Heritage Encyclopedia).

The author of Adolphe Quetelet, A Statistician discusses Auguste Comte as another researcher of social physics and sociology, but that Quetelet invented the method of investigation for “social physics” (Adolphe Quetelet as Statistician, Frank Hamilton Hawkins). So Comte reinvented the term sociologie (sociology) to differentiate it from Quetelet’s collection of statistics (“Adolphe Quetelet,” World Heritage Encyclopedia). Comte believed that there was an order of nature, not of man, which could be scientifically understood by unifying history, psychology and economics. Social ills could be remedied through sociological positivism, or using a broader philosophy that methodologically orders scientific observations (Outlines of Sociology, Lester Frank Ward). In this book, Ward writes Comte’s use of the term “hierarchy” did not imply subordination. “There is genetic affiliation without subordination. The more complex and less exact sciences may be regarded as the children of the more simple and exact ones, but between parent and offspring there is no difference or rank.” Additionally, he wrote that Comte “laid the foundations for understanding the more complex sciences by acquainting himself with the simpler ones upon which the other sciences successively rest” (Outlines of Sociology, Lester Frank Ward). Other social scientists like Karl Marx also mixed scientific methods to measure social impacts of industrialization occurring in Europe, documented in his work Wage Labour and Capital ("Wage Labour and Capital," Karl Marx).

Studying Social Life

David Émile Durkheim was a 19th century French sociologist who believed that sociology should study phenomena attributed to society at large, rather than being limited to the specific actions of individuals. Barbara Anne Mendheim however, applied sociology differently in The Sociology of Gender in a Kindergarten-First Grade Classroom. She writes that people gain knowledge of the social world by identifying typicality and finding language to order their social experience. For example, girls understand that being a girl means being personally relevant and intimate with other people. Boys understand being a boy through being powerful and competent in the world (The Sociology of Gender in a Kindergarten-First Grade Classroom, Barbara Anne Mendheim). However, in Woman: Her Charm and Power, Robert Downes uses sociological methods to explore how women in Egyptian and Iranian society were given opportunity for education and in leadership. But in Roman culture, women’s roles were to birth children. Women’s positions in society are influenced by the dominant culture’s definition of their functions and role in society (Woman: Her Charm and Power, Robert Downes).

Sociology has also been used to study group relations. Max Weber’s The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism discusses how entrepreneurs used religion to spread the system of capitalism. By tapping into religious belief systems, he proffered, people could work toward their profit making motive.

Works Cited

"August Compte." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

“David Émile Durkheim.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

"Domesday Book." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Dove, P. Edward. "Domesday Studies, Being the Papers Read at the Meetings of the Domesday Commemoration 1886." London: Longmans, Green and Company, 1886.

Downes, Robert. Woman: Her Charm and Power. London: The Epworth Press, 1900.

Hawkins, Frank Hamilton. Adolphe Quetelet as Statistician. New York: Columbia University Press, 1877.

“Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Marx, Karl. "Wage Labour and Capital." Neue Rheinische Zeitung, April 1849. Reproduced: World Public Library, 2002. Web.

Mendheim, Barbara Anne. The Sociology of Gender in a Kindergarten-First Grade Classroom. Diss. University of Florida, 1979.

“Norman People.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

"Sociology." World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Ward, Lester Frank. Outlines of Sociology. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1921.

Weber, Max. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. New York: Scribner, 1930

“William the Conqueror.” World Heritage Encyclopedia. WorldLibrary.org. Web. 2014.

Yonge, Charlotte Mary. Young Folks’ History of England. Boston: Estes and Lauriet, 1879.

Sociology Collections

"Organizing Relationships: A Sociology Exhibit" demonstrates how sociological methods have been used to study the configuration of power, through documentation, analysis of order, and social effects. Sociology brings together different methods of thinking, to understand the complexity of society more accurately, and why we should always be vigilant of power.

Learn more about how the discipline of sociology is used, in these collections:

Top 100 books on Sociology

Outlines of sociology (by Ward, Lester Frank)
Whirligigs (by Henry, O.)
What a Young Woman Ought to Know (by Wood-Allen, Mary)
Almost a Man (by Wood-Allen, Mary)
Capital : A Critique of Political Econom... (by Marx, Karl)
Adolphe Quetelet as Statistician (by Hankins, Frank Hamilton)
The Sociology of Gender in a Kindergarte... (by Mendheim, Barbara Anne)
Sketches of the Fair Sex, in All Parts o... (by Charles William Wason)
Young Folks, History of England (by Yonge, Charlotte Mary)
Woman : Her Charm and Power (by Downes, Robert P.)
The School as a Social Institution; An I... (by Robbins, Charles Leonidas)
Professional ethics and civic morals (by Durkheim, Emile)
The Negro in Chicago : a study of race r... (by Chicago Commission on Race Relations)
How to Be Happy Though Married. Being a ... (by Hardy, Edward John)
The Elementary Forms of the Religious Li... (by Durkheim, Emile)

Top 100 books on Psychology

Applied Psychology : A Series of Twelve ... (by Warren Hilton)
Self Mastery through Conscious Autosugge... (by Coue, Emile)
Behavior an Introduction to Comparative ... (by John B. Watson)
Quit Your Worrying! (by George Wharton James)
Gestalt Psychology a Survey of Facts and... (by George W. Hartmann)
The Secret Places of the Heart (by Wells, Herbert George (H. G.))
The Secret Places of the Heart (by Wells, H. G. (Herbert George))
Psychology from the Standpoint of a Beha... (by Watson, John B. (John Broadus))
Pavlov and His School the Theory of Cond... (by Professor Y. P. Frolov)
The teacher's word book (by Thorndike, Edward L. (Edward Lee))
An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision (by Berkeley, George)
Crime and Punishment (by Dostoevsky, Fyodor)
History of Psychology; A Sketch and an I... (by Baldwin, James Mark)
Laughter : An Essay on the Meaning of th... (by Bergson, Henri)
Essay on the Creative Imagination (by Ribot, Théodule)

Top 100 books on Economics

The Evolution of Finance Capitalism (by Edwards, George W.)
The People of the Abyss (by Jack London)
The Prince (by Machiavelli, Niccolò)
The History of the Russian Revolution to... (by Trotsky, Leon)
In Praise of Poverty
Looking Backward from 2000 to 1887 (by Bellamy, Edward)
Common Sense (by Paine, Thomas)
Walden (by Thoreau, Henry David)
Conquest of bread, The (by Kropotkin, Peter)
Alfred Weber's Theory of the Location of... (by Weber, Alfred)
The Accumulation of Capital (by Luxemburg, Rosa)
Anthem (by Rand, Ayn)
Letters of David Ricardo to Thomas Rober... (by Ricardo, David)
Women and Economics: A Study of the Econ... (by Charlotte Perkins Gilman)
Common Sense (by Paine, Thomas)

Top 100 books on Government

The Declaration of Independence and Lett... (by Jefferson, Thomas)
On the Duty of Civil Disobedience (by Thoreau, Henry David)
Robert's Rules of Order Pocket Manual of... (by Robert, Henry M. (Henry Martyn))
Ethica (by Baruch Spinoza, Benedictus De Spinoza, Johannes Va...)
Lao-Tzu : A Study in Chinese Philosophy (by Watters, Thomas)
Prince, The (Version 2) (by Machiavelli, Niccolo)
Britton (by Francis Morgan Nichols)
Declaration of Taking up Arms (by Second Continental Congress)
Discourses Concerning Government Volume 1 (by Sidney, Algernon)
On Liberty (by Mill, J. S.)
The Constitutional Documents of the Puri... (by Gardiner, Samuel Rawson)
A Plea for Religious Liberty and the Rig... (by George Ticknor Curtis)
The Origins of Totalitarianism (by Arendt, Hannah)
The Letters of Junius
Deposition of Air Pollutants to the Grea... (by Allan, Mary Ann)

Top 100 books on Law

Bartleby the Scrivener (by Melville, Herman)
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (by John Locke)
Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy, ... (by Department of Defense)
The Republic of Cicero (by Marcus Tullius Cicero)
Institutes of the Laws of England : Or a... Volume Vol. 6 (by Coke, Edward, Sir)
The Magna Carta (by Hutchinson, Joshua)
Report on the Right of the Government of... (by United States. Division of Insular Affairs)
Economic Sophisms (by Bastiat, Frédéric)
The Federalist Papers (by Hamilton, Alexander)
Columbia Law Review: Scope of Inquiry on... Volume 21
The Nature of the Judicial Process (by Benjamin N. Cardozo)
Common Sense (by Paine, Thomas)
Sacred Text : the Age of Reason Volume IV (by Paine, Thomas)
The Athenian Constitution ; The Eudemian... (by Aristotle)
The Prince (by Machiavelli, Niccolò)

Top 100 books on Politics

Uncle Tom's cabin : or, Life among the l... (by Stowe, Harriet Beecher)
Public Opinion (by Lippmann, Walter)
Meditations (by Aurelius, Marcus)
Common Sense (by Paine, Thomas)
On War (by Von Clausewitz, Carl)
Excerpts from Frame of Government of Pen... (by Penn, William)
The Origins of Totalitarianism (by Arendt, Hannah)
Wealth of Nations, Book 1, The (by Smith, Adam)
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Dougl... (by Douglass, Frederick)
Ethica (by Baruch Spinoza, Benedictus De Spinoza, Johannes Va...)
Politics (by Aristotle)
Politics (by Aristotle)
China at the Peace Conference, August 19... (by Far Eastern Political Science Review)
Heart of Darkness (by Conrad, Joseph)
Common Sense (by Paine, Thomas)

Top 100 books on Anthropology

Criminal Man, According to the Classific... (by Lombroso-Ferrero, Gina)
Anthropology; An Introduction to the Stu... (by Tylor, Edward Burnett, Sir)
The Journal of the Anthropological Insti... (by Royal Anthropological Institute)
First Annual Report of the Bureau of Eth... (by Powell, J. W.)
Catalogue of Works on European Philology... (by Quarich, Bernard)
The American Beaver and His Works (by Lewis Henry Morgan)
The History of Mankind (by Ratzel, Friedrich)
Kon Tiki Across the Pacific by Raft (by Thor Heyerdahl)
Current Anthropological Literature Volume 1 (by American Anthropological Association)
The Anthropological Treatises of Johann ... (by Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich)
The Journal of the Royal Anthropological... (by Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ire...)
An Anthropologist at Work; Writings of R... (by Benedict, Ruth)
The History of Mankind Volume: v.3 (by Ratzel, Friedrich, 1844-1904)
Man and Abnormal Man, Including a Study ... (by MacDonald, Arthur, 1856-1936)
The American Indian: An Introduction to ... (by Clark Wissler)